Future value (FV) is the amount a starting balance and optional regular contributions reach after time t at return rate r. When contribution frequency matches compounding: FV = PV × (1 + r/m)^(m·t) + payment × [((1 + r/m)^(m·t) − 1) ÷ (r/m)] for end-of-period contributions.
If you choose beginning-of-period contributions, the annuity part is treated as an annuity due (one extra period of interest on the payment stream). When contribution and compounding frequencies differ, the model converts an effective rate per contribution period.
Growth = FV − total deposits (start + all contributions) — the share from return, not from your pocket. Optional inflation shows real FV; a target shows surplus or shortfall.
This is the inverse of present value (PV) — two sides of the same time-value equation.